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A dedicated hypothalamic oxytocin circuit controls aversive social learning

To survive in a complex social group, one needs to know who to approach and, more importantly, who to avoid. In mice, a single defeat causes the losing mouse to stay away from the winner for weeks1. Here through a series of functional manipulation and recording experiments, we identify oxytocin neurons in the retrochiasmatic supraoptic nucleus (SOROXT) and oxytocin-receptor-expressing cells in the anterior subdivision of the ventromedial hypothalamus, ventrolateral part (aVMHvlOXTR) as a key circuit motif for defeat-induced social avoidance. Before defeat, aVMHvlOXTR cells minimally respond to aggressor cues. During defeat, aVMHvlOXTR cells are highly activated and, with the help of an exclusive oxytocin supply from the SOR, potentiate their responses to aggressor cues. After defeat, strong aggressor-induced aVMHvlOXTR cell activation drives the animal to avoid the aggressor and minimizes future defeat. Our study uncovers a neural process that supports rapid social learning caused by defeat and highlights the importance of the brain oxytocin system in social plasticity. In mice, the neural mechanisms underlying aversive social learning, specifically avoidance and fear after defeat, involve oxytocin signalling in the anterior subdivision of the ventromedial hypothalamus, ventrolateral part.

Syria , Syrian , Development-team , California-institute-of-technology , Brain-funct , Early-childhood-education , Brain-res , Cell-rep , Tissue-res , Multimodal-analysis , Cell-types

Rehabilitation Through Stimulation: Exploring Noninvasive Brain Stimulation for Substance Use Disorders

In this CME article, review the current treatment modalities for noninvasive brain stimulation in the treatment of substance use disorders, and to explore the potential for further expansion of indications.

Toronto , Ontario , Canada , Photogranary-adobestock , Ann-neurosci , Cohen-kadosh , Goldmand-neuromodulation , Clin-neurophysiol , Neurosci-lett , Labatt-family-network-for-research , University-of-toronto , Centre-for-addiction

Term planned delivery based on fetal growth assessment with or without the cerebroplacental ratio in low-risk pregnancies (RATIO37): an international, multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial

Term planned delivery based on fetal growth assessment with or without the cerebroplacental ratio in low-risk pregnancies (RATIO37): an international, multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial
thelancet.com - get the latest breaking news, showbiz & celebrity photos, sport news & rumours, viral videos and top stories from thelancet.com Daily Mail and Mail on Sunday newspapers.

Englj-med , Database-syst-rev , Obstet-gynecol , Brain-res , Ecol-evol , Obstet-gynecol-scand ,

Large-scale single-neuron speech sound encoding across the depth of human cortex

Understanding the neural basis of speech perception requires that we study the human brain both at the scale of the fundamental computational unit of neurons and in their organization across the depth of cortex. Here we used high-density Neuropixels arrays1–3 to record from 685 neurons across cortical layers at nine sites in a high-level auditory region that is critical for speech, the superior temporal gyrus4,5, while participants listened to spoken sentences. Single neurons encoded a wide range of speech sound cues, including features of consonants and vowels, relative vocal pitch, onsets, amplitude envelope and sequence statistics. Neurons at each cross-laminar recording exhibited dominant tuning to a primary speech feature while also containing a substantial proportion of neurons that encoded other features contributing to heterogeneous selectivity. Spatially, neurons at similar cortical depths tended to encode similar speech features. Activity across all cortical layers was predictive of high-frequency field potentials (electrocorticography), providing a neuronal origin for macroelectrode recordings from the cortical surface. Together, these results establish single-neuron tuning across the cortical laminae as an important dimension of speech encoding in human superior temporal gyrus. High-density single-neuron recordings show diverse tuning for acoustic and phonetic features across layers in human auditory speech cortex.

International-conference-on-machine , Brain-res , Recon-technical-report , Sound-pattern , Speech-perception , International-conference , Machine-learning ,

Noninvasive theta-burst stimulation of the human striatum enhances striatal activity and motor skill learning

The stimulation of deep brain structures has thus far only been possible with invasive methods. Transcranial electrical temporal interference stimulation (tTIS) is a novel, noninvasive technology that might overcome this limitation. The initial proof-of-concept was obtained through modeling, physics experiments and rodent models. Here we show successful noninvasive neuromodulation of the striatum via tTIS in humans using computational modeling, functional magnetic resonance imaging studies and behavioral evaluations. Theta-burst patterned striatal tTIS increased activity in the striatum and associated motor network. Furthermore, striatal tTIS enhanced motor performance, especially in healthy older participants as they have lower natural learning skills than younger subjects. These findings place tTIS as an exciting new method to target deep brain structures in humans noninvasively, thus enhancing our understanding of their functional role. Moreover, our results lay the groundwork for innovative, noninvasive treatment strategies for brain disorders in which deep striatal structures play key pathophysiological roles. The Hummel lab demonstrated that the striatum can be successfully and focally reached noninvasively via transcranial electrical temporal interference stimulation in humans, which resulted in improvements of motor learning in older adults.

Japan , Miyachi , Gifu , Nagoya , Aichi , Zivari-adab , Almeida-marcelino , Trends-center , University-of-auckland , Boston-university , Elsevier , Athinoulaa-martinos-center

How deep is the brain? The shallow brain hypothesis | Nature Reviews Neuroscience

Deep learning and predictive coding architectures commonly assume that inference in neural networks is hierarchical. However, largely neglected in deep learning and predictive coding architectures is the neurobiological evidence that all hierarchical cortical areas, higher or lower, project to and receive signals directly from subcortical areas. Given these neuroanatomical facts, today’s dominance of cortico-centric, hierarchical architectures in deep learning and predictive coding networks is highly questionable; such architectures are likely to be missing essential computational principles the brain uses. In this Perspective, we present the shallow brain hypothesis: hierarchical cortical processing is integrated with a massively parallel process to which subcortical areas substantially contribute. This shallow architecture exploits the computational capacity of cortical microcircuits and thalamo-cortical loops that are not included in typical hierarchical deep learning and predictive coding networks. We argue that the shallow brain architecture provides several critical benefits over deep hierarchical structures and a more complete depiction of how mammalian brains achieve fast and flexible computational capabilities. Architectures in neural networks commonly assume that inference is hierarchical. In this Perspective, Suzuki et al. present the shallow brain hypothesis, a neural processing mechanism based on neuroanatomical and electrophysiological evidence that intertwines hierarchical cortical processing with a massively parallel process to which subcortical areas substantially contribute.

Jordan , Constantinople , Istanbul , Turkey , Rockland , Norfolk , United-kingdom , Cambridge , Cambridgeshire , Guclu , Malatya , Friston

Ketamine and Psychedelics: The Journey From Magical Mystery to Informed Consent

In this CME article, learn more about the best practices for engaging patients in the informed consent process for psychedelic treatment and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy.

District-of-columbia , United-states , Poland , Massachusetts , Cambridge , Cambridgeshire , United-kingdom , Los-angeles , California , Vashisht , Himachal-pradesh , India

From fossils to mind | Communications Biology

Fossil endocasts record features of brains from the past: size, shape, vasculature, and gyrification. These data, alongside experimental and comparative evidence, are needed to resolve questions about brain energetics, cognitive specializations, and developmental plasticity. Through the application of interdisciplinary techniques to the fossil record, paleoneurology has been leading major innovations. Neuroimaging is shedding light on fossil brain organization and behaviors. Inferences about the development and physiology of the brains of extinct species can be experimentally investigated through brain organoids and transgenic models based on ancient DNA. Phylogenetic comparative methods integrate data across species and associate genotypes to phenotypes, and brains to behaviors. Meanwhile, fossil and archeological discoveries continuously contribute new knowledge. Through cooperation, the scientific community can accelerate knowledge acquisition. Sharing digitized museum collections improves the availability of rare fossils and artifacts. Comparative neuroanatomical data are available through online databases, along with tools for their measurement and analysis. In the context of these advances, the paleoneurological record provides ample opportunity for future research. Biomedical and ecological sciences can benefit from paleoneurology’s approach to understanding the mind as well as its novel research pipelines that establish connections between neuroanatomy, genes and behavior. Recent advances in paleoneurology are collated together in this comprehensive review, linking neuroanatomy to genes and behavior. We provide guidance to the next generation of researchers to move the field forward.

Toronto , Ontario , Canada , Neandertal , Limpopo , South-africa , United-states , Russia , Mellet , Domalain , Bretagne , France

Physiology and diseases of tissue-resident macrophages

Embryo-derived tissue-resident macrophages are the first representatives of the haematopoietic lineage to emerge in metazoans. In mammals, resident macrophages originate from early yolk sac progenitors and are specified into tissue-specific subsets during organogenesis—establishing stable spatial and functional relationships with specialized tissue cells—and persist in adults. Resident macrophages are an integral part of tissues together with specialized cells: for instance, microglia reside with neurons in brain, osteoclasts reside with osteoblasts in bone, and fat-associated macrophages reside with white adipocytes in adipose tissue. This ancillary cell type, which is developmentally and functionally distinct from haematopoietic stem cell and monocyte-derived macrophages, senses and integrates local and systemic information to provide specialized tissue cells with the growth factors, nutrient recycling and waste removal that are critical for tissue growth, homeostasis and repair. Resident macrophages contribute to organogenesis, promote tissue regeneration following damage and contribute to tissue metabolism and defence against infectious disease. A correlate is that genetic or environment-driven resident macrophage dysfunction is a cause of degenerative, metabolic and possibly inflammatory and tumoural diseases. In this Review, we aim to provide a conceptual outline of our current understanding of macrophage physiology and its importance in human diseases, which may inform and serve the design of future studies. This Review addresses the current understanding of the roles of tissue-resident macrophages in physiology and disease, including their development and their functions in tissue remodelling and nutrient recycling.

Santiago , Regióetropolitana , Chile , Le-guyader , Gomez-perdiguero , Hassnain-waqas , Meijer , G-development , Brain-res , Crohns-colitis , Lipid-res , Liver-physiol

Brain Injuries After COVID Vaccination

There are back door routes to the brain. COVID vaccine developers have traversed a path through those doors. ...

Vermont , United-states , Germany , Canada , Japan , Toronto , Ontario , Canadian , German , Japanese , J-clin-psychopharmac , J-neuroimmune-pharmacol