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Music beats spoken language in identifying individuals uniquely in two disparate communities. In addition to their given names, which conform to the conventions of their languages, speakers of the Oyda (Omotic; SW Ethiopia) and Yopno (Finisterre-Huon Papuan; NE Papua New Guinea) languages have ‘name tunes,’ short 1-4-second melodies that can be sung or whistled to hail or to identify for other purposes. Linguistic given names, for both communities, are often non unique: people may be named after ancestors or contemporaries, or bear given names common to multiple individuals. But for both communities, name tunes are generally non-compositional and unique to individuals. This means that each new generation is likely to bring thousands of new name tunes into existence. In both communities, name tunes are produced in a range of contexts, from quotidian summoning and mid-range communication, to ceremonial occasions. In their use of melodies to directly represent individual people, the Oyda and Yopno name tune systems differ from surrogate speech systems elsewhere that either: a) mimic linguistic forms, or b) use music to represent a relatively small set of messages. Also, unlike some other musical surrogate speech traditions, the Oyda and Yopno name tune systems continue to be used productively, despite societal changes that have led to declining use in some domains.
Racism in the United States has been cited as a key driver of racial health inequities. Racism as a public health crisis has been in the forefront, particularly with respect to state and municipal governments that have developed legislation, resolutions and declarations. This policy brief includes a review of resolutions and declarations across the US related to Racism as a Public Health Crisis through September 2020. There were 125 resolutions reviewed for content related to the history of racism, reference to racial health equity data, solutions and action steps, implementation and any accompanying funding or resources. We found that the majority of policies name racism as critical in addressing racial inequities in health with limited details about specific actions, funding or resources.
Matt Bomer e Michelle Monaghan reciteranno insieme nella serie Echoes di Netflix. Echoes sarà una miniserie di genere thriller psicologico che debutterà ...
Dengue virus infection is prevalent in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world, which is fatal if untreated symptomatically. Emergence of new genotype within serotypes led to enhanced severity. The objective of the study is to identify the molecular characteristics of the DENV circulated during 2017 outbreak in Tamil Nadu, India and, to investigate the role of inflammatory cytokines in different ‘serotypes’ and in ‘dengue severity’. A total of 135 suspected samples were tested for DENV infection using IgM, IgG and qPCR assay; where 76 samples were positive for DENV and analysed for twelve inflammatory cytokines using ELISA. Serotyping shows 14 DENV-1, 22 DENV-2, 7 DENV-3 and 33 DENV-4, where DENV-4 was predominant. Among seventy-six, forty-two isolates were successfully sequenced for C-prM region and grouped. A lineage shift was observed in DENV-4 genotype. Irrespective of serotypes, IFNγ was significantly elevated than control and in primary infection indicating its role in immune response. GM-CSF and IP-10 was significantly elevated in secondary infection and, can be used as prognostic biomarker for secondary infection. Our observation shows differential cytokine expression profile varied with each serotype indicating serotype/genotype-specific viral proteins might play a major role in dengue severity. DENV-4 as dominant serotype was reported in Tamil Nadu for the first time during an outbreak with a mixed Th1/Th17 cytokine expression profile that correlated with disease severity. We conclude it is essential to identify circulating viral genotype and their fitness by mutational analysis to correlate with disease severity and immune status, as this correlation will be helpful in diagnostics and therapeutics applications.
Introduction: Pakistan ranks fifth in the globally estimated burden of Tuberculosis (TB) case incidence. Annually, a gap of 241,688 TB patients exists between estimated TB incidence and actual TB case notification in Pakistan. These undetected/missed TB cases initiate TB care from providers in the private healthcare system who are less motivated to notify patients to the national database that leads to significant under-detection of actual TB cases in the Pakistani community. To engage these private providers in reaching out to missing TB cases, a national implementation trial of the Public-Private Mix (PPM) model was cohesively launched by NTP Pakistan in 2014. The study aims to assess the implementation, contribution, and relative treatment outcomes of cohesively implemented PPM model in comparison to the non-PPM model. Methods: A retrospective record review of all forms (new and relapse) TB patients notified from July 2015 to June 2016 was conducted both for PPM- and non-PPM models Results: PPM model was implemented in 92 districts in total through four different approaches and contributed 25% (81,016 TB cases) to the national TB case notification. PPM and non-PPM case notification showed a strong statistical difference in proportions among compared variables related to gender (p <0.001), age group (p <0.000), and province (p <0.000). Among PPM approaches, General Practitioner and Non-Governmental-Organization facilities achieve a treatment success of 94%-95%; Private Hospitals achieve 82% success while Parastatals are unable to follow more than half of their notified TB cases. Discussion: PPM model findings in Pakistan are considerably consistent with countries that have prioritized PPM for an increasing trend in TB case notification to their national TB control programs. Different PPM approaches need to be scaled up in terms of PPM implemented districts, PPM coverage, PPM coverage efficiency, and PPM coverage outcome in the Pakistani healthcare system in the future.
L’attore Matt McGorry è famoso al grande pubblico per i suoi ruoli in Orange Is the New Black e Le Regole del Delitto Perfetto. L’attore americano proprio per ...
Jennifer Lopez e Ben Affleck agli Oscar 2003 - getty images Matt si era già dichiarato un super fan dei Benniffer , quando aveva scherzato al Today Show sul ...
CD45, the predominant transmembrane tyrosine phosphatase in leukocytes, is required for the efficient induction of T cell receptor signaling and activation. Various studies have demonstrated that viruses can interfere with the functions of CD45 and that patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) are immune-suppressed. We recently reported that the CD45-intracellular signals in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients are inhibited. We also reported that C24D, an immune modulating therapeutic peptide, binds to CD45 on immune-suppressed cells and resets the functionality of the immune system via the CD45 signaling pathway. Given the similarity between the role of CD45 in viral immune suppression, reported by others, and our findings on TNBC, we hypothesized that the C24D peptide may have a similar “immune-resetting” effect. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the CD45 intracellular signaling in PBMCs from ten COVID-19 patients versus PBMCs from ten healthy volunteers. Herein, we report our findings, demonstrating the immune reactivating effect of C24D via the phosphorylation of the tyrosine 505 and 394 in Lck, the tyrosine 493 in ZAP-70 and the tyrosine 172 in VAV-1 proteins in the CD45 signaling pathway. Despite the relatively small number of patients in this report, the results demonstrate that C24D rescued CD45 signaling. Given the central role played by CD45 in the immune system, we suggest CD45 as a potential therapeutic target.
Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused increasing challenges for healthcare professionals globally. However, there is a dearth of information about these challenges in many developing countries, including Bangladesh. This study aims to explore the challenges faced by healthcare professionals (Doctors and Nurses) during COVID-19 in Bangladesh. Methods: We conducted qualitative research among healthcare professionals of different hospitals and clinics in Khulna and Dhaka city of Bangladesh from May 2020 to August 2020. We conducted 15 in-depth telephone interviews using a snowball sampling technique. We used an in-depth interview guide as data were collected, audiotaped and transcribed. The data were analyzed both manually and using QDA Miner software as we used thematic analysis for this study. Results: Seven themes emerged from the study. Participants experienced higher workload, psychological distress, shortage of quality personal protective equipment (PPE), social exclusion/stigmatization, lack of incentives, absence of coordination and proper management during their service. These healthcare professionals faced difficulty coping with these challenges due to situational and organizational factors. They reported of faith in God and mutual support to be the keys to adapt to adversities. Adequate support to address the difficulties faced by healthcare professionals is necessary for an overall improved health outcome during the pandemic. Conclusion: The findings highlight the common challenges faced by health professionals during the COVID-19 outbreak. This implies the need to support adequate safety kits, protocols and support for both physical and mental health of the health professionals.