first with the aztecs and then of the incas, is of an unquenchable desire -- for precious gold and metals. also silver. when the first english settlers came to jamestown, they hoped to find the same kind of supplies of gold found by the spaniards. there was a bitter disappointment in not finding gold in what is now virginia. they brought with them jewelers and goldsmiths. america's first gold rush took place to where we are now in georgia in 1829. this was the georgia goldrush in north georgia. 100 miles north to the town of don monica, you can see the old lumpkin county courthouse has been converted into a gold-mining museum. it is about 100 miles up the road. what happened was, first gold was discovered, then people started pouring into the area in huge numbers because of the intoxicating possibility that gold would make them wealthy quickly. until then, this had been an area beyond the line of settlement. suddenly the white settlement catches up quickly. here is the governor, describing what it was like meeting the georgia minors in 1829. "many thousands of vital profligate people flocked into georgia, from every front of the georgia. whose vicious propensities when loosed from law and opinion, make them like the evil one, the devil, in his worst mood. after waiting all day in the chattahoochee rivers, picking up articles of gold, they light fires on the night and play on their hands and grounds at dice, pushpins, and other games of chance for their day's finding. whiskey carts serve them as well. hundreds of combatants sometimes swearing, striking and gouging eyes." frontiersmen can only do these things. especially in the south, they would fight by gouging out one of the eyes of his combatants. that was regarded as victory in one of these fights. the army was sent into restore order in this chaotic scene. on this sheet i give you, the army major reported this. upwards of 200 persons presented a appearance of " half breeds, whites, negroes, and their appearances to be as varied as their complexions. shopkeepers, peddlers, thieves and gamblers. there were also found in the hope was to colonels of the georgia militia. two candidates for the georgia legislature and disco members of the gospel. for no doubt attracted by the love of gold." this is a rich site of gold. a large quantity was drawn out of the mines between 1829 and into the 1870's. for a while it was minted to federal currency. the coin on the left is a united states of america coin. confederate, the secession in 1861. the confederate bank also used georgia gold. just by living here, you have all seen an example of del monaco gold on the state capitol building five or six miles from here. the dome is thinly coated. is an important source. if you lift in the area where the georgia goldrush took place where the cherokees. one of the native american societies. ever since the revolution, the federal government had been trying very hard to integrate this native american nations into the united states saying, learn to become christians, learn literacy, learn to become farmers and hunters and gatherers. learn to become integrated in our society. that was the federal policy of the government. now, suddenly, it turns out that the cherokees are living on land for which the whites are hungry. what principle would for prevail? unfortunately, the principle of racial ecialsixclusion. the whites just wanted to get rid of the indians, one way or another. 1888, the election of andrew jackson, they found somebody who also wanted to get rid of the native americans any way he could. this is john ross, one of the cherokee chiefs. if any community of native americans lived up to the hopes of the federal government, it was clearly the cherokee. they learned how to read. one of the missionaries created a vocabulary to allow them to write down the language. the bible had been translated. many of them have become christians. many of them now more american dress. this was a highly integrated community. but nevertheless, the principle prevails. we have to get rid of them. congress passed the indian removal act in 1830 which was signed by president jackson, saying that the five civilized tribes, this is president jackson, he said that the five civilized tribes should move from their cramped lands out into a place that was then called indian territory. the five groups where the creeks , seminars, and chickasaws, cherokees. would beis that there a resettlement of the population out here. that was then called indian territory. the georgia state government passed a law specifying that the land in this northern tier of georgia should be reallocated by a landslide very to white settlers. to forcibly dispossessed the former inhabitants and handed over to the whites instead. so this was a prelude to the movement that you all heard about, the trail of tears. by which the cherokee were shifted and forced to migrate several hundred miles under their adverse conditions with large numbers of them dying along the way. one of the great human rights violations of american history, particularly in the state of georgia itself. now, last time, and talking about the spread of american settlement and also the spread of american political power, we talked about the mexican war. this was the war fought between mexico and the united states. as i said then, all of the american armies were not well led that they were much more effective than the mexican armies. with the result that they were able to win a spectacular series of battlefield victories. by late 1847, the leader of one of the american armies landed on the coast of the eastern coast of mexico, veracruz, led his army inland, and was able to overrun mexico city itself. so on the right, you can see a picture of his army marching triumphantly into mexico city. they were ablet, to dictate the terms of the peace treaty that followed. whichis was the treaty geographical significance was that a vast area of mexico was now handed over to the united states. land whichthe currently comprises california, nevada, utah, arizona and parts of new mexico and colorado. that was the southwestern quarter of the united states. certain things to remind you of. this is an area with now a high population. but then, the population was extremely low. only a few thousand spaniards had ever lived there. it was a low density of native american settlement. it was mainly unoccupied territory. the reason it was unoccupied is because it is so dry. rainfall with low a few exceptions like in the northern california coast. for of it is too dry ordinary agriculture so not many people chose to live there. to give you an idea of how low the population was, who has been to san francisco? there you are. as you know, it is a fantastic national harbor. he sail into an enormous deepwater enclosed harbor. and now, one of the great cities of the world is right there. but in 8046, you can see here. just a handful of hot and a few streets. it was a very quiet and sleepy place. the future significance was unimaginable at that time. now, this is a settler. calledd in a place sutter's fort which is in sacramento. now the state capital of california. eventually, one of the previous lecturers, they have been moving into texas even though it was still in mexican territory. in the same way, and american settlers have moving into california even though it was next in territory. one of them set up a trading fort. and there it is, in the upper picture. very different than a shop. is aact that it is a fort sign of how politically volatile the area was. he was expecting to be robbed and attacked and so we took precautions against that. one of the things he wanted to sell was lumber. but the lumber would come from the foothills in the sierra mountains, east of sacramento. , ofso one of his assistants the american river, up to a place called for loma and asked him to design and build a mill. and this is the place where the american river is flowing fast enough that the water can turn a waterwheel and the water is attached to blades so the lumber could be brought there and then send further down the river to the fort itself. and one of the things that you have to do, we talked about this earlier, you have to divert the , to turn theflume waterwheel. in the mill there he found little flakes of goals. flakes.etal he reported back to his boss saying hey, i found gold. tellis boss said, don't anybody. we will keep this secret. but you know how bad everyone is at keeping secrets. don't you know from your own experience? the only way to actually have a secret is to never tell anyone. because as soon as you tell someone, the secret gets out and that is exactly what happened in this case. and it was a long before the news got back east and it spread rapidly all over the world. with the result that a massive incursion of people into california took place. all right. so this is the area where the gold was discovered. this is sacramento. and the fort was right there. he sent his assistant of river, the american river here to a place called colombia. and that is where the gold had been discovered. we now know from subsequent is geological work that the gold fields is about the area shown they are in yellow. and that the richest area, the area where most of all the gold was found was about here. this is called the mother lode. the red boxes are the places where the mining camps sprang up . they do correspond closely to the load itself. now if you imagine a simplified version of the coast of california, i'm going to do this for reasons of simplicity, here is san francisco bay. is flowing south. and this is the sacramento river. eventually, it flows into the san francisco bay and it is parallel with the coast, about 100 miles inland. there is a coastal range here and a big central valley. and another river flowing north is the san joaquin river and it also flows into san francisco bay. is the central valley. and over here, the much higher mountains, what are they called? >> the sierra nevada mountains? >> that's right. as you can tell on the map, lots of rivers flow out of the sierra nevada's and they join into the sacramento river. flowing toen ones the san joaquin river. so that is the schematic of the geography of california. and it is very important that you get a sense of what that looks like. and of course, the gold is here. in the foothills. the foothills of the valleys. ok? here, how didall, the news get back east? allen, can you come up and read? have you heard of william sherman? he was a famous general. at this point, he was a lieutenant and he was witnessing what was happening when the gold was discovered. so here is lieutenant sherman. >> as the spring and summer of 1840 and fans, the advanced became faster and faster. stories of fabulous discoveries spread through the land. everyone was talking of gold. until it assumed the character of a fever. some of the soldiers began to desert. earning of men 50-500-thousands of dollars a day. it seemed ase, though somebody would reach solid gold. professor: thank you. here is an army officer reporting back to his seniors. not long after that, the president made a big speech. if you look on the back and out of the sheet, you will see what the president said. so this was a few months after the initial discoveries were made. >> it was known that the minds of the precious metals going into a considerable amount of california. recent discoveries render it probable that these mines are more valuable than anticipated. the accounts of the abundance of gold are such an extraordinary character such as scarcely can belief. mineralve visited the district and garrett facts. they want to believe that the supply is very large. and that gold is found in various places in extensive districts in the country. it appears also that minds of quicksilver are being found near the gold region. one of them is now being worked. the effects produced by the discoveries of these rich have produced a surprising change in the state of affairs in california. are that ofrsuits the searching for the precious metals are abandoned. 30 the whole of the male population in the country have arrived in the district. ships are deserted by their cruise. commanding officer there entertains apprehensions that soldiers cannot be kept without a large increase in pay. desertions have become frequent. and he recommends that those who will withstand the strong temptations and remain faith should be rewarded. this abundance of gold and the pursuit of it have caused an unprecedented rise in the necessaries of life. professor: that was the president making this declaration about the way in which the economy california is already being transformed. people are pouring in. nobody wants to do any work except for going for gold. ships arrive and the cruise desert. psychologists are very interested in this. people over.kes and the curious thing about gold is that it isn't really useful. i don't know if you ever thought about this very much but today, it is possible that in things like semiconductors, there are uses of goals. but then, it was useful mainly for decoration. and sometimes as a use of currency because it is chemically inert. you can make coins out of iron and they will rest away whereas a gold coin will persist. but it is really useful. it was incredibly valuable. when of those things so important to american history like old and tobacco on which great fortunes are made even though they weren't actually essential. worth thinking about. now, people started pouring into california from all over. and back east and even around the world and in england and france and in germany and south america and in china, there was an enormous amount of enthusiasm about finding ways to get to california. lots of hand books like this began to be published. this is published in boston. "an account of california and he wonderful old regions." there was information about the country and the ancient and modern discoveries of gold. help for travelers on thinking about how they would actually get there. there are essentially three ways of getting there. and what they had in common is that they were in all incredibly difficult. unbelievably difficult. 1849. another 20 years were going to pass before you get there by railroad. railroads have been a mentor but so far, they were very short lines. so one of the ways of doing it was by going in a ship. a new type of ship with a lot of sale and capable of sailing fast. so one possibility was to sail from the east coast all the way down through the south atlantic and then around cape horn? what is that like? horrible. the stormy as waters in the entire world. it could take weeks to get around and you often get shipwrecked on the way. so that was one way. a lot of people tried that. for it.an ad a ship called the california. and the fact that you can see the way the artist has implied that you can actually see the coast, which isn't really true. so the artist rearranged the topography for that. that is one possibility. the second possibility was to go by steamship and instead of going all the way around the tip of south america, sale from the east coast into caribbean to the place where the crossing is narrowest and then either at panama or in northern nicaragua, go across by land across the narrow part and then take a second ship, which would also take you to san francisco. the advantage of doing it that way was that the journey was a great deal shorter. the disadvantage is that just about the test place in the world to die of malaria or yellow fever was there. this is an incredibly difficult place just to live. three or four decades later, the successfully built the canal try to build the first panel mock canal and failed because of the labor force died. a risky business but people tried it anyway. because the incentive was so great. california direct, extraordinary inducements. the quickest, cheapest and safest. that is what they claimed. the third way was to go on the overland trails. wasthis was the route that done most frequently. as you know, from what we've said previously in the course, the oregon trail had really opened up in 1843. so five or six years previous to this. and through trial and error they have figured out that the best way to do it was to start in missouri, go up the river. across into the sweetwater river. across the rockies at the lowest point and then pick up the headwaters of the snake river and go north until it meets the columbia river and then down the columbia as far as portland, where the milan river reaches. so lots of people had done that. point, the various cutoffs were established, particularly the california trail with a cutoff down here toward sacramento itself. so this is approaching it overland rather than by sea. trail is very difficult in itself. and if you then took the california trail, it was even worse. as you would have to go into northern nevada. there is a humboldt river. which is usually a dry riverbed. it only has water in it for a few days of every year. mostly, bone dry. so you had to cross this desert. and all along the way, people died from various things. worse, youters even then had to cross the mountains themselves. and that is very from edible. it was harder crossing their them the rockies. great skiing country today but we live in softer times than they did. and by then, one of the most their ofcidents in cannibalism had taken party. a group of immigrants set off and took the california cutoff and were partly up the sierra nevada mountains when a severe blizzard snowed them in. they were not capable of going forward any further that neither could they get down the mountains because it was too thick. many of them died. the bodiesvivors ate of their relatives who died in order to survive. and use of this spread very rapidly. so anyone who was going to the route, thater that is interstate 80 today through the mountains, it is relatively the easiest way, they knew that this is the kind of territory they were crossing. rapidly between the first discoveries and the early 1849, something like 80,000 people poured into this area. the area around sacramento and upriver. and the migration carried on over the next 5-6 years. now here is something to think about. 1848 f california became part of the republic. until then, it had been part of mexico. most americans probably didn't even know where it was. and suddenly it becomes part of america and it turns out to also have this incredible abundance of wealth. how galling must that have been to mexico? not only did they lose the war but they hadn't noticed for the previous 350 years that they were literally sitting on a gold mine. one of the historical ironies where you can prop meditations about the nature of reality and good fortune. all right. we need to talk a little bit about the rivers. in this diagram, it is in the foothills of the sierra nevada that most of the gold was found. in other words, in the place where rivers flowing rapidly downhill are beginning to flow out into the planes. into the flat land of the central valley. so if you imagine the same thing, this is a birds eye view. now from the side. something like this. if this is the central valley and that is the high sierra, the area where the gold was found was kind of this area. why should that be? tell us why you think it is found here? because that is were the metal deposits were because of the geology of the area? or fester: it connected with the river. plays with a started looking for gold was in the river itself. so what happens to a river when it flows out of the mountains and onto the low land? >> it deposits sediment? professor: yes carrying sediment. why does it deposited there? >> because that is the lowest part? it just gets left? carriesr: and which more sediment? fast flowing or slow flowing rivers? >> fast. professor: yes. so this is where the river starts to slow down. and as it does so, it starts to drop the sediment it is carrying. does it first drop the heaviest or the latest things. >> heaviest. rocks gold. professor: yes, old is dense. so fast flowing rivers carry a lot of sediment. it is they flow down into the low lands, they begin to deposit their load. and they deposit the gold first because it is the heaviest element. so that is why it is such a good place to date. and if you look at the map, it was. now look at this photograph. can you see that the river is meandering? it isn't flowing in a straight line. they hardly ever do. a river is flowing around curves, is the current fastest on the outside of the bend or the inside? >> outside. i'm not quite sure why does flow on the outside? professor: because it flows in a straight line until something stops it. it flows down the hill and then it turns and he gets stopped again. so what is happening all the the in the rivers is that bends are pretending to come more exaggerated. if you had a window seat in a plane, you can also see where the course of the river used to be, where it isn't there any longer. seehave these and you can it more clearly from the air. you say oh yes, it used to be there. it was a huge bend and the river straightened itself but then the process starts again. all right? so then think about what this means in terms of the deposit of gold. it means that not only in this transition area coming out of the mountains, it also means that the very best place to look is on the inside of the bend. it is that's where the currency is flowing more slowly. and that is where it will be dropped. you can actually see on the photograph here, there is a little beach. you could imagine going and paddling and looking across and seeing it flow more rapidly. so the perfect place to stake a claim if you are one of the miners was on the inside of the bend of the place where the river leveled out. and sure enough, that is where they found a lot of gold. great things about the early days of the california gold rush is that it was a democratic kind of thing. anybody could do it. you had to get there. once you were there, all you needed was a shovel and a pan. panning for gold. just like what this minor is holding. and what you do is you shovel some of the sediment into the pan from the riverbank. and then you gradually swirl it that you make a suspension of the later part of the powertel's -- particles and let it flow over the heavier side of that. eventually what you are left with is a pan of water with gold flakes. it is a very low-tech business. incidentally, woman look at the history of who got rich, but we discover is that it was the andle who sold shovels donkeys and tents and food. that was the way to make a fortune. it is whether or not the guy actually found the gold, you get paid for the provisions. and you could charge a high price because it had come along way and it was in high demand. so you would get top price for the sale of it. of illustrations of people using primitive recovery techniques. usually working in a gang of five or six. here is a slightly more sophisticated device. gravel andture of water is poured in at the top and it filters down through a series of sins. each one is a little bit finer than the one before. the gravel gets caught on top and then on the lower level down here, you have a piece of burlap and the littleet particles of gold catch in the fabric. so again, you are left behind with particles of gold that you could pick out. and this became the actual currency in the gold district. now, eventually, it does start to occur to some people that if the gold is there, it must have come from further upstream. so doesn't it make sense to go upstream to find it? the answer was yes. and here is how that works. the diagram of the hillside. you found lots of it just lying about in the water down here. that means that somewhere up here, there is a vein of gold bearing rock which is exposed to the surface. and of the water flows over it it is being eroded, over hundreds of thousands of years. the gold itself is formed deep in the earth under deep pressure by a process that we won't go into here. but when you get tectonic thrust, some then to get the buckling of the rock and it rings to the surface one of these that was so far below which is why it is usually found in mountain districts because of the irregularities in the earth's crust. so let's imagine that this is where the gold vein is. if you decide to look for the gold vein itself. you go upstream and you test the water here. and then you tested here and you go upstream and to test it here and then you go upstream and you testing here. in each of these places you would find some gold. but less than you have down here because of the pace of the river. but eventually you get to a place where you find none at all. you've got above the vein. so that tells you. then you do closer testing here and here. where itually, this is is. you could work out where it has come from. and then there's the possibility of taking out or trying to dig out the gold itself. very difficult to do. but that is the logical conclusion that the miners came to. looking for the origins of the gold itself. that is why we have so many photos in the mountains. the vein. or a drift. depending on which my gnu are in, there would be a different rhetoric to go with it. ollie technique's of digging for gold required access to gold. -- access to water. another group of entrepreneurial 49ers realized that the water a highly lucrative business. going to a place where there is a stream and diverting the stream to a place were people are digging. usually by building a flume. a flume is just a primitive aboveground canal. it would guide the water to places where people are digging. in other words, the very first strikes are here, on the river. and eventually people say well, look, for a long time, the river flowed here. a great place to day but we can't do it unless we have a water supply. builds an entrepreneur flume down to this area to help them do it. so high up in the sierra nevada is, a lot of the enterprising men were building flumes to divert the rivers to bring it down to the gold bearing country. in this picture, you could actually see this process going on. a primitive rock dam but it is good enough that they could channel the water into the flume which carries it off to the area where they're going to be exploring for the minerals. then, of course, it occurs to somebody. if it is pretty good getting it from the side of the river. they come much better would be if we actually dig into the bed of the river itself? how do we do that? well, we can only do that by diverging the river. time where a lot of illustrators went to do pictures of what was going on. so we can actually reconstitute this very well. this was a place called murderers bar and you can see they have built a dam across the river that self and they have built a diversionary channel so that what was the bed of the river has become dry and they can dig into it and get up the sediment each has been accumulating there for hundreds of thousands of years. that theytice also have introduced waterwheels here. you get a lot of energy which could turn the waterwheels and these actually go up and down into the earth to bring up mechanically the stuff that is being produced. and there is a steam engine here so technology is being brought in. but as you can imagine, this is expensive. a guy with a shovel cannot afford this. it is only people who have capital who can do work like this. 1851, it is people with capital who are making money at mining. because they could do these be operations which are necessary in order to really make it pay. so gradually, the people who have come out and hoping they would be independent gold diggers become employees of mining companies, working for a wage. on projects like this. and they realize the value of going quite a long way down into the earth, it is literally becoming mining. and they're still mining into the gravel which is underneath the old bed of the river itself. now, it wasn't long after that for somebody invented this method. hydraulics. they said look ok, the river has been gradually eroding the mountainside over the course of millions of years. let's speed up the process. like firing against the mountainside, a high-pressure jet of water to accelerate the erosion process hundreds of times over. let it happen gradually, let it happen all at once. it is a matter of getting a flume upstream and guiding the water down until they bring it into a big scale firehouse. you put your fingers in front of it, it would break your fingers. and you shoot it out of a narrow nozzle with great pressure against the mountainside. and this washes down sediment out of which it is possible to gather the gold in the same way. the very first environmental laws passed by the state of california were in the 1870's to bam this. because what it meant was that tons of debris was coming downstream and stifling farms. very bad from the farmer's point of view. but mining was more important than the finding. all these other methods have been tried and gradually exhausted, then it is a question of digging into the mountainside and trying to follow the vein into the interior of the mountain itself. and that is hard rock mining. you're bringing out an enormous quantity of courtside in which there are small elements of gold. and again, at first little groups tried it but bit by bit, they were edged out by the people who had enough capital to do it on a large scale. so this is what the big minds looks like by the 60's and 70's. i then, the technology of photography was good enough that we have pretty good pictures of what it looks like. again, they become mine laborers. are is what happens inside working gold mine. a hard rock gold mine. you usually have teams of two people working a technique called double jacking. one guy is holding a chisel against the rock face and the other one is hitting it with a sledgehammer. this is a very high degree of trust among friends. they turn it slightly and they hit again and they turn it slightly and they hit it again. that is to dislodge the gravel. over the course of an hour, you can cut a hole maybe this deep. you are working against a rock face and you cut one there and one there and so on all the way around. and then fill it with gunpowder. lead fuses to each one like the fuses, retire to a safe distance and then let them explode. and ofyou done it right the holes are the steep an arc of explosions will dislodge the rock in that arc and when the dust and smoke clear, you could go in and clear out the rock. bring it out to the surface and then repeat the process. slow. incredibly dangerous work. right up to the present, being a minor is the job in which you are most likely to be killed at work. you can imagine that the roof could cave in. you get caught by charges which didn't explode that a hammer with set off. gas would explode. sometimes there are suffocating gas is where you can't breathe. horrible working environments. they didn't even have electric lights so they just had smoky candles and atmosphere was terrible. in every way, a deplorable way of life. gradually, improvements were developed. improvementwas the of an explosion called nitroglycerin. more powerful and also more volatile. if it gets too hot it spontaneously explodes. we have sad stories of that happening. then the invention of drills in which high-pressure water is the power source but the problem with that is that they also create showers of dust so the miners tend to be breathing in a very dust heavy atmosphere and tended to die young of mining related diseases. horrible way of life. anyway, underground railroads were built so that you could load it onto wagons and take them to be drawn up to the surface. the hard rock gets to the surface, the question is, how do you get the gold out? it is no longer any good to use the panning techniques because the cost per million is very small. there wasn't a lot of goals and there was a lot of rock. instead, you had to use a crusher. on the right, a waterwheel. imagine fast flowing water turning the wheel. it is attached to this device which is an axle bearing -- and as they go past these rods, they are attached to heavyweights. so it is said through here on a conveyor and these devices stamp it to reduce it to powder. that is how a stamping meal works. the next thing is to combine the powdered or with mercury. who has seen any mercury? it is a metal that is liquid at room temperature. this is another way you could get poisoned. andnow now that it is toxic you mustn't work around the compounds because it was too dangerous but that wasn't known at the time. this reddish rock here is mercury oxide. it appeared int these reports that the minds of quicksilver are found in the vicinity. quicksilver is another name for mercury. and so this mining becomes as important as gold-mining because it is the standard process for separating the metal from the war. what happens is that you mix the powdered or with water to make a sludge. in the mercuryur and the mercury and the gold combine mercury chemically and they are very heavy. a great,ding it across you caused this compound to fall to the bottom. and then you heat the whole thing. and because it is already volatile, it gets vaporized and you are left behind with the gold. usually in a pure form. so you could turn it straight into gold bars. that is the latest on as a commercial mining operation. i wanted to show you this. this is a lovely photograph, 20 years after the first invention of photography. it perfectly illustrates the point that lieutenant sherman made. ins is san francisco bay 1850. ships came in from all over the world. and they would never set sail again. because the cruise all deserted. everyone thought oh, gold. ofthis incredible photograph harbor,city, a whole with the abandoned ships. it is dramatic isn't it? so much so that one of the things shopkeepers started to do was to drag the ships on land, they converted them into stores. because they had big containment areas. and that is one thing. but another interesting thing about it, a lithograph, the style of picture at the time, tell us about this picture, if you would, please? you see -- gambling: the bar of a saloon. >> the people are trading gold? professor: that's right. and what are you meant to be surprised by as a viewer? everyone looks pretty well-dressed? professor: not everyone. who do think these guys are? what country do they come from? look at the hats. >> i can't tell. professor: they are chinese. and how about these two? they are meant to be mexican. is doing here is showing us the traditional dress of all the different groups of people who have come from different parts of the world. that is the idea of it. america's very first multicultural environment where suddenly there are people from china, cheap a, switzerland, mexico. it is very unusual. who is this one? it is a stereotype. irish. drunk. the people are coming from all over the world. and they come here and they get drunk. [laughter] stereotypes. an again, here is illustration. chinatown develops in sacramento. chinese life. , wow, how weird is that? chinese people living here in america. that is what the artist is getting at. this is meant to be a horse market in sonora. you can see the miners saloon. there are two chinese men here, the mexican here, the anglo guy who is buying the horse. the african-american over here. some of them would take their slaves to the goldmine. a great concentration of people were coming in from around the world. the idea with pictures like this is to say what a weird world is that. there was a result of very rapidly populating. this was above the president's speech in the handout. this is a historian writing about 40 years ago describing the way in which gold accelerated the process of american settlement. >> the little grains of bright yellow metal established a frontline of civilization across the rocky mountains and drew men in from the east. the prize of lighted the way, illuminating the darkness of earlier obstacles and convinced man that no matter how great the barriers, they could be surmounted. after the man, came there -- came their baggage. material and cultural. freight wagons brought necessity and the trappings of civilization. printing press and and some art objects. the advance guard of prospectors, men, found money with which to buy. out of the spending came roads, churches, schools and, above all, women. when the family unit came, permanent assembly was normally assured. those who were serious about the new land settled down to extract their own kind of gold. grain or cattle in another section of the united states would commence. prof. allitt: thank you very much. he makes the point that if you look at the history of how communities develop, they started out as agricultural and later on became urbanized. as people gather together in towns. in the mining camps, it was the other way around. it started out as concentration of people building these mining settlements. after the mines played out, gradually people began to disperse. the farming population, it would the mining have itself. so that as a way in which the normal process of urbanization was reversed. next time, we will talk about the origins of the oil industry. thank you very much to our readers. >> today, on american history tv on c-span three. at 1:00 p.m. eastern, a symposium on american spies and codebreakers. a nazi spy ring in new york city and an american family who aided the french resistance. >> the decision to join the resistance was a serious one. obviously. she had a husband and a 15-year-old son. it as aciding to use place where the resistance could meet, and where intelligence was dropped, she was risking not only her life that also her husband and sons life. 1920's, an anarchist venzettis aco and were convicted without cause. -- >> transferred to the death house. the governor, after reading the unanimous committee report, declared that they had had a fair trial. the boston press declared the case closed. on the presidency. historian george nash talks about herbert hoover's humanitarian efforts during world war i and world war ii. >> in the course of these exertions, herbert hoover working voluntarily and without pay, became an international hero. the embodiment of a new force in global politics. american benevolence in the form of humanitarian aid programs. >> for a complete american history tv schedule, go to c-span.org. >> each week, american history archival films that provide context for today's public affairs issues. ♪