bolts and moon dust. it is fine and powdery. i _ bolts and moon dust. it is fine and powdery, i can _ bolts and moon dust. it is fine and powdery, i can move - bolts and moon dust. it is fine and powdery, i can move it. and powdery, i can move it loosely— and powdery, i can move it loosely with my toe. | and powdery, i can move it loosely with my toe. i think i have seen — loosely with my toe. i think i have seen that _ loosely with my toe. i think i have seen that chap - loosely with my toe. i think i . have seen that chap somewhere before. we have seen that chap somewhere before. ~ . ., .,, have seen that chap somewhere before. ~ . ., ., have seen that chap somewhere before. . ., ., ., before. we choose to go to the moon in this — before. we choose to go to the moon in this decade _ before. we choose to go to the moon in this decade and - before. we choose to go to the moon in this decade and do - before. we choose to go to the| moon in this decade and do the other thing, moon in this decade and do the otherthing, not moon in this decade and do the other thing, not because they are easy but because they are hard. ., , ., , ., are easy but because they are hard. ., , ., , , hard. that is one small step form a man. _ hard. that is one small step form a man, one _ hard. that is one small step form a man, one giant- hard. that is one small step form a man, one giant leap| hard. that is one small step i form a man, one giant leap for mankind~ — form a man, one giant leap for mankind. 52 form a man, one giant leap for mankind-— form a man, one giant leap for mankind. , . , ., ., ., mankind. 52 years ago we made our last footprint _ mankind. 52 years ago we made our last footprint on _ mankind. 52 years ago we made our last footprint on the - mankind. 52 years ago we made our last footprint on the moon. | our last footprint on the moon. as the crew of apollo 17 left the service, they did not know thatjean soon and would be the last person to walk on the moon for quite a while. we are runaway houston. but now in this decade finally we're going back. liftoff of artemis one. nasa �*s artemis programme will in the next year or to return us to our neighbour. but part of its mission _ us to our neighbour. but part of its mission is _ us to our neighbour. but part of its mission is to _ us to our neighbour. but part of its mission is to land - us to our neighbour. but part of its mission is to land the l of its mission is to land the first woman in the first person of colour on the moon. another art, to of colour on the moon. another part. to use _ of colour on the moon. another part, to use what _ of colour on the moon. another part, to use what we _ of colour on the moon. another part, to use what we learn - of colour on the moon. another part, to use what we learn here to send the first astronauts to mars. this is where it all began. laura's kennedy space center, named after the president who made the original pledge to go to the moon, and now this place is at the centre of even grander plans because this time we're just visiting the moon, we're just visiting the moon, we want to stay. gateway, humanity's first space station that will will orbit another world. it will go around the moon every seven days unlike the international space station above are astronauts will call this place home. although where the iss can accommodate up to 12 astronauts in what is i2 astronauts in what is comparable to a five or six bedroom house, gateway will be more cosy. bedroom house, gateway will be more cosy-— more cosy. gateway is a studio apartment _ more cosy. gateway is a studio apartment. we're _ more cosy. gateway is a studio apartment. we're going - more cosy. gateway is a studio apartment. we're going to - more cosy. gateway is a studio| apartment. we're going to have room for ourfour apartment. we're going to have room for our four astronauts, multiple docking ports so we can bring our orion crew transportation ships and logistics and knock it all in. these four explorers will not be cooped up on—board for the whole time stop to will actually be spending a week or two on location down on the lunar surface. two on location down on the lunarsurface. it's two on location down on the lunar surface. it's a chance to further study the landscape and hopefully find a location for our next giant link, a permanent moon base. gateway will be the — permanent moon base. gateway will be the before _ permanent moon base. gateway will be the before we _ permanent moon base. gateway will be the before we put - permanent moon base. gateway will be the before we put on - will be the before we put on the surface. gateway allows us to access any point on the lunar surface. when we went with apollo, we picked a spot on the moon and did it. gateway will give us a chance to go down on locations.- will give us a chance to go down on locations. the first section will _ down on locations. the first section will be _ down on locations. the first section will be there. - with risk, but also reward. so how do we make that a reality? to find out, it's time for me to take one small step of my own. oh, wow. i can instantly see the dust kind of kicking up. yeah. it's really fine, isn't it? it leaves the footprints like you'd expect. oh, my gosh. that's brilliant. and this is how moon dust behaves, itjust puffs up like that? welcome to swamp works... ..the dusty, dirty lab where they work with simulated moon dust. now, the loose soil that covers the lunar surface is called regolith. it's extremely fine, very sharp on a microscopic scale, and it gets everywhere. so when we landed with apollo 11, we didn't know what the surface of the moon exactly was going to be like. you'll notice from some of the footage, the landing pads are quite huge on the landing legs and the ladder�*s far away from the surface. there was a lot of concern of, how much will this lander sink into the surface? how fluffy is this regolith? the surface is fine and powdery. i can...| can pick it up loosely with my toe. in fact, it's because the eagle lander didn't sink in as much as expected that neil armstrong had to take such a giant leap from the bottom rung of the ladder. today, swamp works is developing robots that can cope with and take advantage of lunar soil. and it will be very useful. see, moon dust is made of materials like silicon dioxide and calcium oxide, which all contain a lot of oxygen. if we could mine the regolith and use chemical processes to extract the oxygen, we could make our own breathable air and our own rocket fuel. the way space flight exploration has been working right now is imagine you're going on a holiday with yourfamily, you're going on a long road trip, thousands of miles, right? right now, we are bringing a trailer behind us with all the gas, you know, that we need with us, all the fuel, everything that we need comes with us. so we want to change that paradigm. and one of the biggest things that makes the biggest impact is the fuel, right? if we can source some of that from the moon and eventually from mars, that will allow us to bring more and to go more often. making our own fuel makes regular trips to and from the gateway space station much more viable. now, mining moon dust is called isru... and, because they love an acronym round these parts, the robot to do this will be called the isru pilot excavator, ipex. we had to really reinvent how you do excavation for doing mining on the moon, and eventually mars. the challenge is the technology we have for mining here on earth relies on a lot of mass and a lot of weight, right? the more steel you put on an excavator, the heavier it becomes and the better it digs. we can't launch something as heavy as we want on a rocket. it's still very expensive, right? so we have to reduce the mass of what we put on rockets. and then when you land it on the moon, it weighs one sixth of what it does here on earth, right? imagine, like, trying to dig as if you were on ice, right? it will just scoot across the surface. the scoop will not engage and you won't be able to collect anything. so the way the robot scoops up the dust is using this thing called a bucket drum. and it's got a kind of spiral in there. and if it turns it one way, it scoops the soil, which gradually works its way towards the middle and stays there. like that. and then when it wants to unload... ..it turns it the other way and it all comes out again. we put them on opposite ends of the robot and when it excavates, it's using both sets of drums at the same time, but they're digging in opposite directions. so one is pulling it that way and one is pulling it that way... right. ..and pulling itself down to the surface. one of the main dangers faced by extraterrestrial rovers is getting stuck. so, as an added bonus, ipex's scoops and arms can also help it to get out of a hole or flip it over if it takes a tumble. one of its other defences will keep its cameras free from all that electrostatic dust, which will cling to every part of it. its lenses will be fitted with an electrodynamic dust shield. simply apply electricity and the charged dust particles are repelled, keeping its vision clear. but after a while of going to and fro, we might want to stay a little longer on the surface. robots like this one will prepare the ground for permanent buildings by smoothing and compacting the foundations. do you have a name for this arm? um... we call it... we call it meercat, actually. you've always got cool names for these things! yeah. why? it's called the multipurpose end effector for regolith acquisition... meercat... ..transportation and... yeah, yeah, that's it. you see, what worries me is there are some brilliant inventions you guys haven't bothered with because you couldn't think of a cool acronym. a cool name. that is like one of the... it's very important to have a good name for your projects because it, like, represents the soul of the project, right? now, just like the fuel situation, we can't take building materials with us to the moon either — we have to make our structures from moon dust. these bricks and blocks and bars have all been made by mixing and melting regolith with plastic. in the future, giant sd printers will build shelters to protect those living on a world with no atmosphere from radiation, asteroid and micrometeoroid impacts, moonquakes and temperatures ranging from +100 to —200 degrees celsius. even replacement parts can be made from regolith. so this is a wheel that has been printed with regolith and polymer. 0k. this is another example of what we can do if we capture the resources from the moon. now, do you know, i've seen and held wheels for rovers before, full—size wheels, and they're really light. right. but this is really heavy. yes, this is the opposite. because those wheels that are light, especially if you're sending it on a rocket, they need to be light because it's expensive. this is heavy because it's made on the moon. and heavy wheels are a good thing, i guess. it's better, right? especially for a digger. like the more weight that we have on the excavator, the better it's going to perform. these are hopeful times for space exploration, but it's always been a risky endeavour. im—i odysseus — lunar lander separation confirmed. this year, we've seen three probes sent to the moon. two made it, and both of those had, shall we say, awkward landings. and the artemis mission to put boots back on the lunar ground has been pushed back to 2026 at the earliest. but nasa says space explorers need to take these setbacks in their stride. i don't see it as a disappointment. it's very cliche to say space is hard, but what we're endeavouring to do is highly complex. we expect challenges along the way so this doesn't surprise us and we're pushing forward. it sounds really expensive to do space exploration. is it, and is it worth it? so, yes, it's really expensive. it was really expensive for us to explore this planet, really expensive to lay rail infrastructure, to lay highway infrastructure, to put the infrastructure in place that allows us to travel in air traffic around this globe. it's absolutely necessary for us to lay that critical infrastructure for going to space, because what we learn in that endeavour is tremendous. the exponential growth that we've seen in the world in technology is because of great endeavours like this. it's absolutely worth it. here in the united states, every year the general population is spending as much money on potato chips as our budget is every year to go out to the moon. that's a good figure. the motivation may be different to that of the space race of the 1960s, but the size of the ambition is just as great today, as we shoot for the moon once again. i never dreamed that i could become an astronaut. i'm talking to kayla barron... ..one—time resident of the international space station and now part of the artemis crew, the team who are preparing to go back to the moon. first time i looked out the window of our capsule... the european parliament has said the first framework for regulating artificial intelligence, classifying polyps according to risk and adjusting scrutiny accordingly. the laws is greatest that will make the tech more human centric, howeverthe make the tech more human centric, however the actor still has to pass several more steps before it formally becomes law. a surgical team at cromwell hospital in london have become the first in europe to use applevision pro to perform to microsurgery procedures. with exact software, some of the team have touched free access when assessing the surgery and offer the visualisations of the previous one. and wearing sunglasses they can to become reading glasses. deep objects have you covered with a new 32 glasses. users can transition between the two settings thanks to the liquid crystal lenses. they have tiny electronic controls. i never dreamed that i could become an astronaut. i'm talking to kayla barron... ..one—time resident of the international space station and now part of the artemis crew, the team who are preparing to go back to the moon. first time i looked out the window of our capsule... i6 sunrises and sunsets each day over our beautiful planet, really fundamentally feeling this interconnectedness. everything each one of us does has an impact on the people, notjust immediately around us, but on the entire planet. that inspired me to be really deliberate about, what contribution am i going to make to leave a better, healthier, more connected more cooperative planet? what inspired you to become an astronaut? i did decide from a pretty early age that i wanted to serve in the military, and ultimately found my way to the naval academy and to the navy and to the submarine force in particular. and i met an astronaut at a navy football game, and hearing her story just reminded me so much of my experience on the submarine. and all of a sudden it clicked in my head, "wow, the international space station "is a submarine in space." and i told her that and she said, "it totally is. it's exactly the same." you have these really complex machines out in these extreme environments that are designed to keep human beings alive in a place we're not meant to be, really, which is deep under the surface of the ocean or in the vacuum of space, and notjust keep us alive, but also allow us to accomplish a mission, do something as a team that's of value to others. what do you think it might be like to live on the moon and then mars? well, the moon is beautiful from the space station, first of all. when the sun is reflecting off this sphere, it's not just...you know, a crescent moon, a sliver in the sky. it felt like you could just reach out and grab it, and i think made me realise how incredible it is going to be to send human beings back. and there's incredible scientific questions we're going to be able to answer. we're planning to return to the moon, but this time to the lunar south pole. so we'll be exploring a different area than we visited during the apollo era. answer some really fundamental questions not only about the moon's formation and its geology, but about our entire solar system. you are part of the artemis team. the artemis 3 crew is the one, i suppose, that everyone wants to be on, because i think that's the one where the people are going to stand on the moon. are you in with a chance of being on artemis 3? of course. everyone in our office dreams of the opportunity to be part of those crews. you wait and hope. but the really cool thing is, even if you're not in that seat on the flight, you get to support them and be a part of the team that makes that happen. the artemis 3 mission, they will put the first woman and the first person of colour on the moon. i'm guessing that those two people will become as famous as neil armstrong. put yourself in her shoes, even if it's not you. what would that represent for you? for humankind? you know, i think that moment will really represent how far we've come. you know, we did amazing things in the apollo era, but not everyone had the access to those opportunities. there have been women in the nasa astronaut office for a really long time doing really incredible things. so we'll be standing on those women's shoulders. the first woman to command a space shuttle, the first to do a spacewalk, the first to command the space station. and when we look around at the diversity of our office, it's really incredible, like, who we have around us. it will be this incredible, historic, iconic moment that i think young women and girls around the planet will look to as an example of the fact that you can do anything if you work hard and are supported by the systems, the communities around you to have an opportunity to achieve those goals. you might have seen space food before. but what about space plants? if nasa wants its astronauts to stay out in space for longer, they'll need to be able to replenish their own food supply. this is nothing new. astronauts have been growing crops in space for the past a0 years. but there's still an awful lot that scientists are trying to learn about space farming. we have things like radiation that we have to deal with. we also have issues with microgravity. plants have learned how to detect gravity with their roots and gravity—sensing organelles in the plants, and so they know how to use these cues. and without these cues, they have to re—adapt to this environment. so, without gravity, the next cue that they use is light. so how to go up and down, how to orient themselves is based on light now, cos they don't have gravity. water behaves very differently in microgravity. it has a high surface tension, so it likes to cling. and when the water clings to the roots, it prevents the roots from breathing. and so the plants can experience things like drought stress. they mayjust look green to you and me, but plants appear very different when viewed in the infrared and ultraviolet parts of the spectrum. and the scientists here are learning how their appearance changes under different types of stress. here in the plant processing area we're giving the plants a stressor. so in this case, we're reducing its watering. because on the station we know it's difficult to water. and so we can identify through our imaging project, using infrared and visible light as well as fluorescence, that stress. we take all this data and to make that association we use machine learning. then we can associate the wavelengths that are most indicative of that stress and include them in a camera that would monitor the plants on station. this is where the plants live when they get up there. the veggie unit. this is how they grow stuff on the international space station? yeah. it's a simple led system as well as a bellows, so it's open to the crew environment. we have two of these and six plants each. so you can imagine we're not making a huge feast, but it's enough for a nice serving of lettuce. lovely salad. yeah. how excited are the astronauts that they can now have salad and not just space food? they can have salad, we've grown peppers as well, and they can even have flowers because we've grown zinnia on space. now, there is a knack to getting these seeds to sprout in space. the way you grow plants on the international space station is using this, which is a plant pillow. so this is the wick that sucks the moisture up. you plug your water source into here and you fill the bottom with soil, and then you get your tiny seeds, which stay in these polymer wrappers so they don't zip off and you lose them around the iss. and you pop it in here, and 28 days later... ..get yourself a lettuce. aside from the obvious benefits of creating a renewable food source, there are all sorts of other advantages to growing plants in space. gardening is very therapeutic. it's something that the astronauts would say, "hey, you know, let me take care of something green." it makes them happy. plants produce oxygen and they recycle waste, they recycle water. all this fundamental stuff together will make them a very important organism to take with us. when we're living on the moon and when we're living on mars, what type of plants will we be eating? we would like to have things like nuts and citrus, but again, there's still so much we don't know about how those plants adapt to the environment. the current goal is to use hydroponic systems, which rely on water—based nutrient solutions instead of soil, which is heavy and expensive to transport. but in 2022, scientists showed that plants can grow in lunar soil, regolith. which kind of brings us full circle in a way, doesn't it? if we want to live on new worlds, we need to use the resources that they provide us instead of taking more from our home planet. this has been a fascinating trip to nasa, a place which will one day help us put builders, miners, and even farmers on the moon. a real mix of weather coming up this weekend. some rain, some sunshine, but one thing there won't be much of in the mix is warm weather. now, the warmest weather on friday was found in the east and the south east of england. 21 degrees is actually about right for this time of year 12 in the north of scotland. that is a little below par. and we will keep, generally speaking, below average temperatures for most parts of the uk, not only through the weekend but actually into the start of next week. a feed of cool air from the north. now on saturday morning, we start off with a fair amount of cloud across england and wales and splashes of rain. but much of that clearing southwards skies brightening sunny spells and just the odd shower into the afternoon. similar story for northern ireland. for scotland, there will be a few more showers, some heavy ones, still some wintry ones over the very highest mountains. temperatures in northern scotland, ten or 11 degrees, perhaps 18 or 19, in south wales and southern england. so yes, below average temperatures for most now through saturday night. we'll see cloud and showery rain pushing into scotland, perhaps into northern ireland, much of england and wales holding onto clear skies. and it is going to be a rather chilly night, five degrees there in the centre of cardiff, for example. some spots in the countryside will see temperatures fairly close to freezing, i suspect, for sunday morning. sunday, this little frontal system in the north bringing showers. this next weather front just easing its way towards northern ireland. that could bring a spell of more persistent rain as it pushes across south west scotland into northern england. to the north of that it is sunny spells and showers to the south of that wales, the midlands down towards the south of england, a decent amount of dry weather, some sunshine, perhaps highs of 19 degrees, whereas further north, just iii, for example, there in glasgow. sunday night and into monday, this frontal system here is expected to ease its way southwards at east with some uncertainty aboutjust how much rain it will bring and how long that will linger across central and eastern parts of england. if rain does linger for any length of time on monday, it will feel very disappointing indeed. even if you get some sunshine with a scattering of showers, temperatures at best 10 to 17 degrees. we stick with those cool conditions for much of the week. there will be further outbreaks of rain at times. live from washington. this is bbc news. the united nations adds israel's military to a list of entities committing violations against children, a day after a deadly strike on a school in a refugee camp. president biden publicly apologises to president zelensky for a months—long delay in military aid to ukraine. us supreme courtjustice clarence thomas is under renewed scrutiny, after yet more gifts given to him by a conservative billionaire are revealed. hello, i'm caitriona perry. you're very welcome. israel says its military has been added to a un list of entities committing violations against children. the list is included in a report due to be submitted to the security council next week. it accuses israel of attacks on schools and hospitals, and of blocking the flow of aid into gaza. the un's list is reported to include hamas and palestinian islamichhad, which are classified as terrorist organisations by countries including the us and the uk. israel's ambassador to the un shared this video on social media, claiming it's the moment he was officially notified of the decision, which he described as "shameful." the israeli prime minister, benjamin netanyahu called the decision "delusional." in gaza, the nuseirat refugee camp has again been attacked by israeli forces, after a strike on a un school there in which a number of children were reportedly killed. hugo bachega has more, from jerusalem